Fundy National Park: A Comprehensive Guide to Canada’s Natural Gem

Fundy National Park is a stunning natural wonder located on the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick, Canada. Spanning over 200 square kilometers, this national park offers visitors a diverse range of experiences, from breathtaking coastal cliffs to lush forests and cascading waterfalls. The park is renowned for its dramatic tides, which are among the highest in the world, creating a unique and ever-changing landscape. With over 120 kilometers of hiking trails, visitors can explore the park’s diverse ecosystems, spotting wildlife such as moose, deer, and even the elusive Atlantic salmon. Whether you’re seeking adventure or tranquility, Fundy National Park is a must-visit destination for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts.

Key Takeaways

FactValue
LocationNew Brunswick, Canada
Established1948
Size207 square kilometers
Elevation250 meters
Main AttractionsHiking trails, waterfalls, camping
WildlifeMoose, deer, black bears, beavers
ActivitiesCanoeing, kayaking, swimming, fishing
Visitor CenterYes
AccommodationCampgrounds, oTENTiks, rustic cabins
FacilitiesPicnic areas, playgrounds, showers
Nearby CitiesMoncton, Saint John
WebsiteFundy National Park

Understanding Fundy National Park

Fundy National Park is a stunning natural wonder located in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. This picturesque park is renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, diverse wildlife, and the famous Fundy tides. Let’s delve deeper into what makes Fundy National Park so special.

What is Fundy National Park?

Fundy National Park is a protected area that spans over 200 square kilometers along the Bay of Fundy. It was established in 1948 and has since become a cherished destination for nature enthusiasts and outdoor adventurers. The park offers a wide range of activities and attractions, making it a popular choice for visitors from near and far.

Where is Fundy National Park Located?

Fundy National Park is nestled on the Atlantic coast of Canada, in the province of New Brunswick. It is situated near the village of Alma, which serves as the gateway to the park. The park’s location provides easy access to the stunning coastal landscapes and diverse ecosystems that make it so unique.

History of Fundy National Park

The history of Fundy National Park dates back thousands of years. The area has long been inhabited by the Mi’kmaq First Nations people, who have a deep connection to the land and its resources. European settlers arrived in the region in the 17th century, and logging and farming became prominent industries.

In the early 20th century, the idea of creating a national park in the area was proposed. The provincial government of New Brunswick and the federal government worked together to establish Fundy National Park in 1948. The park was created to protect the natural beauty of the area and provide a place for people to connect with nature.

Why is Fundy National Park Important?

Fundy National Park plays a crucial role in preserving the unique coastal ecosystems and Acadian forests found in the region. These habitats support a wide variety of plant and animal species, including rare and endangered ones. The park’s conservation efforts contribute to the overall health of the environment and help maintain biodiversity.

Moreover, Fundy National Park offers visitors the opportunity to experience the awe-inspiring tidal phenomena of the Bay of Fundy. The tides in this area are among the highest in the world, creating a dynamic and ever-changing landscape. This natural wonder draws people from all over the globe, contributing to the local economy and promoting environmental awareness.

What is Fundy National Park Famous for?

Fundy National Park is famous for its stunning natural beauty and diverse range of outdoor activities. Here are some of the park’s most notable attractions:

  1. Hiking Trails: Fundy National Park boasts over 100 kilometers of hiking trails, catering to all skill levels. From leisurely strolls to challenging treks, there is a trail for everyone to enjoy.

  2. Camping: The park offers several campgrounds where visitors can immerse themselves in the beauty of nature. Whether you prefer tent camping or RV camping, Fundy National Park has accommodations to suit your needs.

  3. Waterfalls: The park is home to several picturesque waterfalls, including the enchanting Dickson Falls. These cascades provide a tranquil setting for relaxation and photography.

  4. Coastal Ecosystems: The rugged coastline of Fundy National Park is teeming with diverse marine life and offers breathtaking views of the Bay of Fundy. Exploring the coastal trails and beaches is a must-do activity.

  5. Wildlife Viewing: The park is a haven for wildlife, including moose, deer, foxes, and a variety of bird species. Wildlife enthusiasts will have ample opportunities for bird watching and nature photography.

Fundy National Park truly offers a unique and unforgettable experience for visitors. Whether you’re seeking outdoor adventure, relaxation, or a deeper connection with nature, this remarkable park has something for everyone.

Exploring Fundy National Park

Fundy National Park, located in New Brunswick, Canada, is a stunning natural wonder that offers visitors a chance to immerse themselves in the beauty of the Atlantic Canada Parks. With its diverse range of outdoor activities and breathtaking landscapes, Fundy National Park is a must-visit destination for nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers alike.

How to Visit Fundy National Park

Visiting Fundy National Park is a straightforward and enjoyable experience. Whether you’re planning a day trip or an extended stay, here are some tips to help you make the most of your visit:

  1. Plan Ahead: Before heading to the park, it’s a good idea to check the official Fundy National Park website for any updates or closures. This will ensure that you have the most up-to-date information on park conditions, trail closures, and any special events or programs.

  2. Choose Your Accommodation: Fundy National Park offers a variety of accommodation options to suit every traveler’s needs. From campsites and RV camping to cozy cabins and chalets, there’s something for everyone. Be sure to book your accommodation in advance, especially during peak seasons, to secure your spot.

  3. Pack Accordingly: When visiting Fundy National Park, it’s essential to pack appropriately for the activities you plan to engage in. Remember to bring comfortable walking shoes, weather-appropriate clothing, sunscreen, insect repellent, and plenty of water. Don’t forget your camera to capture the stunning vistas and wildlife you may encounter along the way.

  4. Explore the Trails: Fundy National Park boasts an extensive network of hiking trails that cater to all skill levels. Whether you’re a seasoned hiker or a beginner, there’s a trail for you. Some popular trails include Dickson Falls, Point Wolfe, Caribou Plains, and Moosehorn Trail. Each trail offers unique views of the park’s coastal ecosystems and Acadian forests.

Directions to Fundy National Park

Getting to Fundy National Park is relatively easy, regardless of your starting point. Here are some general directions to help you navigate your way to the park:

  • From Moncton: Take Highway 114 south towards Fundy National Park. The drive takes approximately one hour.

  • From Saint John: Take Highway 1 east towards Sussex, then take Highway 114 north to Fundy National Park. The drive takes approximately one hour and 30 minutes.

  • From Fredericton: Take Highway 2 east towards Moncton, then take Highway 114 south to Fundy National Park. The drive takes approximately two hours and 30 minutes.

Can You Drive Through Fundy National Park?

Yes, you can drive through Fundy National Park. The park features a scenic driving route called the Fundy Coastal Drive, which offers breathtaking views of the Bay of Fundy and its famous tides. This route allows visitors to explore the park at their own pace while enjoying the stunning coastal scenery.

Fundy National Park Map and Trail Guide

To help you navigate the park and make the most of your visit, Fundy National Park provides visitors with a detailed map and trail guide. These resources can be obtained at the park’s visitor center or downloaded from the official park website. The map and trail guide highlight the various trails, points of interest, and facilities within the park, ensuring that you don’t miss out on any must-see attractions.

Fundy National Park Visitor Center

The Fundy National Park Visitor Center serves as the hub of information for visitors. Here, you can find knowledgeable park staff who can provide you with valuable insights and answer any questions you may have. The visitor center also offers exhibits that showcase the park’s natural and cultural history, allowing you to gain a deeper understanding of the area.

In conclusion, Fundy National Park is a nature lover‘s paradise, offering a wide range of outdoor activities and stunning landscapes to explore. Whether you’re hiking through the Acadian forests, marveling at the tidal phenomena of the Bay of Fundy, or simply enjoying a scenic drive, this park has something for everyone. So pack your bags, plan your visit, and get ready to embark on an unforgettable adventure in Fundy National Park.

Activities in Fundy National Park

What to Do in Fundy National Park

Fundy National Park offers a wide range of activities for visitors to enjoy. Whether you’re an outdoor enthusiast or simply looking to relax and unwind in nature, there is something for everyone in this beautiful park.

Here are some of the top things to do in Fundy National Park:

  1. Hiking: Fundy National Park is known for its incredible hiking trails that wind through diverse landscapes, including Acadian forests and coastal ecosystems. The park offers trails of varying difficulty levels, so whether you’re a seasoned hiker or a beginner, there’s a trail for you. Some popular hikes include Dickson Falls, Point Wolfe, Caribou Plains, Moosehorn Trail, and The Rocks Provincial Park.

  2. Camping: If you’re looking to immerse yourself in the Canadian wilderness, camping in Fundy National Park is a must. The park offers five campgrounds, each with its own unique features and amenities. From tent camping to RV camping, there are options to suit every camper’s needs. Wake up to the sounds of nature and enjoy the serenity of the park.

  3. Wildlife Viewing: Fundy National Park is home to a diverse range of wildlife, making it a paradise for nature lovers. Keep your eyes peeled for moose, deer, foxes, and a variety of bird species. The park is also known for its population of rare species such as the mainland moose and the endangered inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon.

  4. Kayaking: With its stunning coastline and tidal phenomena, Fundy National Park is a great place for kayaking. Explore the rugged shoreline, paddle through sea caves, and witness the dramatic rise and fall of the Fundy tides. Kayaking in Fundy offers a unique perspective of the park’s natural beauty.

  5. Bird Watching: Bird enthusiasts will be delighted by the abundance of bird species in Fundy National Park. Grab your binoculars and head to the park’s various habitats to spot a wide variety of birds, including bald eagles, ospreys, warblers, and shorebirds. Don’t forget your camera to capture these beautiful creatures in their natural habitat.

Fundy National Park Best Hikes

Fundy National Park is a hiker’s paradise, offering a variety of trails that showcase the park’s stunning natural beauty. Here are some of the best hikes in Fundy National Park:

  1. Dickson Falls: This popular trail takes you through a lush forest to a beautiful waterfall. The trail is relatively easy and suitable for all skill levels.

  2. Point Wolfe: This trail offers breathtaking views of the Bay of Fundy and takes you through a diverse landscape of forests, meadows, and coastal cliffs. It’s a moderate-level hike that rewards you with stunning vistas.

  3. Caribou Plains: This trail is known for its wildflowers and offers a chance to spot wildlife such as moose and deer. It’s a relatively easy hike that showcases the park’s diverse ecosystems.

  4. Moosehorn Trail: This trail takes you through a mix of forest and wetland habitats, offering a chance to spot a variety of bird species. It’s a great trail for birdwatching enthusiasts.

  5. The Rocks Provincial Park: This trail is located just outside of Fundy National Park and offers stunning views of the Bay of Fundy. It’s a relatively easy hike that takes you through unique rock formations.

Fundy National Park Golf Course

For those who enjoy a round of golf, Fundy National Park has a beautiful golf course nestled within its natural surroundings. The Fundy National Park Golf Course offers a challenging 9-hole course with stunning views of the park. Whether you’re a seasoned golfer or a beginner, this course provides a unique golfing experience in a picturesque setting.

Fundy National Park Pool

If you’re looking to cool off on a hot summer day, the Fundy National Park Pool is the perfect spot. This outdoor pool is located in the heart of the park and offers a refreshing oasis for visitors of all ages. Take a dip in the crystal-clear water or relax on the poolside deck while enjoying the surrounding natural beauty.

Fundy National Park Tide Schedule

One of the most fascinating natural phenomena in Fundy National Park is the tidal range of the Bay of Fundy. The tides in this area are among the highest in the world, creating a unique and ever-changing landscape. It’s important to check the Fundy National Park Tide Schedule before planning any coastal activities, such as beachcombing or exploring tidal pools. This schedule will help you plan your visit to coincide with the most dramatic tidal changes, allowing you to witness the awe-inspiring power of the Fundy tides.

In conclusion, Fundy National Park offers a wide range of activities for visitors to enjoy. From hiking and camping to golfing and swimming, there is something for everyone in this beautiful park. Whether you’re a nature lover, an outdoor enthusiast, or simply looking to relax and unwind, Fundy National Park is the perfect destination. So pack your bags, lace up your hiking boots, and get ready to explore the wonders of Fundy National Park.

Accommodations and Amenities in Fundy National Park

Fundy National Park offers a range of accommodations and amenities to ensure visitors have a comfortable and enjoyable stay. Whether you prefer camping under the stars, staying in cozy cabins, or experiencing the unique Otentik accommodations, Fundy National Park has something for everyone.

Fundy National Park Accommodations

Fundy National Park provides a variety of accommodations to suit different preferences and budgets. From rustic campsites to fully equipped cabins, there are options for every type of traveler.

Where to Stay in Fundy National Park

When it comes to choosing where to stay in Fundy National Park, you have several options to consider. Here are some popular choices:

  1. Camping: Fundy National Park offers several campgrounds where you can pitch your tent and immerse yourself in nature. The campgrounds are well-maintained and provide basic amenities such as washrooms, showers, and picnic areas. Camping is a great way to experience the park’s natural beauty up close and connect with the surrounding environment.

  2. Cabins: For those seeking a more comfortable stay, Fundy National Park has cozy cabins available for rent. These cabins are equipped with modern amenities such as electricity, heating, and kitchen facilities. They provide a perfect balance between the comforts of home and the serenity of the wilderness.

  3. Otentik: One unique accommodation option in Fundy National Park is the Otentik. These semi-permanent structures are a cross between a tent and a cabin, offering a comfortable and hassle-free camping experience. Otentiks come with beds, a table, chairs, and a propane stove, allowing you to enjoy the outdoors without sacrificing comfort.

Fundy National Park Camping

Camping in Fundy National Park is a popular choice for outdoor enthusiasts. The park offers five campgrounds, each with its own unique features and amenities. Here are the campgrounds you can choose from:

  1. Chignecto North: Located near the park’s headquarters, this campground offers easy access to hiking trails and stunning views of the Bay of Fundy. It has 157 campsites, including some with electrical hookups.

  2. Chignecto South: Situated near the park entrance, this campground is ideal for those looking to explore the southern part of Fundy National Park. It has 86 campsites, including some with electrical hookups.

  3. Point Wolfe: Nestled in a picturesque valley, Point Wolfe campground is known for its tranquil setting and proximity to hiking trails. It has 154 campsites, including some with electrical hookups.

  4. Wolfe Lake: This smaller campground is perfect for those seeking a quieter camping experience. It has 50 campsites, including some with electrical hookups.

  5. Backcountry Camping: For the more adventurous, Fundy National Park also offers backcountry camping options. These remote campsites allow you to truly immerse yourself in the wilderness and experience the park’s rugged beauty.

Fundy National Park Cabins

If you prefer a roof over your head and a cozy bed to sleep in, Fundy National Park’s cabins are an excellent choice. The park has a range of cabins available for rent, each offering a unique experience. Some cabins are nestled in the woods, while others offer breathtaking views of the Bay of Fundy.

The cabins in Fundy National Park are equipped with all the necessary amenities to ensure a comfortable stay. They typically include electricity, heating, kitchen facilities, and comfortable beds. Some cabins even have fireplaces, allowing you to cozy up on chilly evenings.

Fundy National Park Otentik

For a unique camping experience, consider staying in one of Fundy National Park’s Otentiks. These semi-permanent structures provide a comfortable and hassle-free way to enjoy the outdoors. Each Otentik comes with beds, a table, chairs, and a propane stove, allowing you to relax and unwind after a day of exploring.

The Otentiks in Fundy National Park are located in picturesque settings, offering beautiful views of the surrounding nature. They provide a perfect balance between the comforts of a cabin and the adventure of camping.

In conclusion, Fundy National Park offers a range of accommodations and amenities to suit every traveler’s needs. Whether you prefer camping, staying in cabins, or experiencing the unique Otentik accommodations, you can enjoy the park’s natural beauty and outdoor activities while having a comfortable and enjoyable stay.

Protecting Fundy National Park

Fundy National Park is a natural gem located in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. It is a place of immense beauty and ecological significance, attracting visitors from all over the world. To ensure the preservation of this unique ecosystem, Fundy National Park is protected through various measures.

How is Fundy National Park Protected?

Fundy National Park is protected through a combination of legal designations, land management practices, and conservation efforts. Here are some key ways in which the park is safeguarded:

  1. National Park Status: Fundy National Park is designated as a national park, which means it is protected under federal legislation. This status ensures that the park is managed and conserved according to strict guidelines set by Parks Canada.

  2. Ecological Integrity: The primary goal of Fundy National Park is to protect the ecological integrity of the area. This involves preserving the natural processes, biodiversity, and ecosystems within the park boundaries. Measures are taken to minimize human impact and maintain the park’s natural balance.

  3. Land Acquisition: Fundy National Park has expanded over the years through land acquisition. The government has expropriated private lands to incorporate them into the park, ensuring their long-term protection. This process involves fair compensation to landowners and aims to consolidate the park’s boundaries.

  4. Visitor Education: Protecting Fundy National Park also involves educating visitors about the importance of conservation. Interpretive programs, guided hikes, and visitor centers provide information about the park’s ecosystems, wildlife, and the actions visitors can take to minimize their impact on the environment.

  5. Research and Monitoring: Ongoing research and monitoring programs help assess the health of Fundy National Park’s ecosystems. Scientists study various aspects, such as water quality, wildlife populations, and vegetation, to understand the park’s ecological dynamics and identify any potential threats.

What Does Fundy National Park Protect?

Fundy National Park protects a diverse range of natural habitats and species. Here are some of the key elements that the park safeguards:

  1. Acadian Forests: Fundy National Park is home to extensive Acadian forests, which are characteristic of the region. These forests are rich in biodiversity and support a wide array of plant and animal species, including hardwood trees, ferns, and mosses.

  2. Coastal Ecosystems: The park encompasses a significant portion of the Bay of Fundy coastline, protecting unique coastal ecosystems. These areas are vital for various marine species, including migratory birds, intertidal organisms, and marine mammals.

  3. Tidal Phenomena: The Bay of Fundy is renowned for having the highest tides in the world. Fundy National Park preserves this natural wonder, allowing visitors to witness the dramatic tidal fluctuations and the associated ecological processes.

  4. Wildlife: The park provides a sanctuary for a diverse range of wildlife species. Visitors may encounter animals such as moose, white-tailed deer, black bears, and numerous bird species. Protecting their habitats ensures the long-term survival of these iconic creatures.

Why Was Fundy National Park Created?

Fundy National Park was created with the aim of preserving the natural beauty and ecological significance of the area. Here are some reasons behind its establishment:

  1. Conservation: The creation of Fundy National Park was driven by the need to protect the unique ecosystems found in the region. By designating the area as a national park, the government aimed to ensure the long-term conservation of its natural heritage.

  2. Recreation and Tourism: Fundy National Park offers a wide range of outdoor activities, making it a popular destination for recreation and tourism. The park provides opportunities for hiking, camping, wildlife viewing, kayaking, and bird watching, attracting visitors who appreciate the beauty of the Canadian wilderness.

  3. Education and Research: The park also serves as a living laboratory for scientists and researchers. Its diverse ecosystems provide valuable opportunities for studying ecological processes, climate change impacts, and biodiversity conservation.

In conclusion, Fundy National Park is protected through various measures to preserve its natural beauty and ecological integrity. Its national park status, land acquisition efforts, visitor education programs, and research initiatives all contribute to safeguarding this remarkable natural treasure. By protecting Fundy National Park, we ensure that future generations can continue to enjoy its breathtaking landscapes and learn from its ecological wonders.

Planning Your Visit to Fundy National Park

Fundy National Park is a breathtaking destination located in New Brunswick, Canada. With its stunning landscapes, diverse wildlife, and numerous outdoor activities, it’s no wonder that this park attracts visitors from all over the world. If you’re planning a trip to Fundy National Park, there are a few important things you should know to make the most of your visit.

How Far is Fundy National Park from Moncton?

Fundy National Park is conveniently located just a short drive from Moncton, making it easily accessible for day trips or longer stays. The park is approximately 90 kilometers (56 miles) southeast of Moncton, which translates to about an hour and a half drive. This makes it an ideal destination for those looking to escape the city and immerse themselves in nature.

Fundy National Park Weather

Before you embark on your adventure to Fundy National Park, it’s essential to check the weather forecast. The park experiences a temperate climate, with warm summers and cool winters. However, due to its proximity to the Bay of Fundy, the weather can be unpredictable at times. It’s not uncommon to experience foggy conditions or sudden changes in temperature. It’s always a good idea to dress in layers and pack appropriate gear for any weather conditions you may encounter during your visit.

Fundy National Park Pass

To access Fundy National Park, you will need to purchase a park pass. The pass grants you entry to the park and helps support the conservation efforts and maintenance of the park’s facilities. There are various pass options available, including daily passes, annual passes, and group passes. Prices vary depending on the duration of your visit and the number of people in your group. It’s recommended to purchase your pass in advance to save time at the park entrance.

Fundy National Park Camping Reservations

For those looking to immerse themselves in the beauty of Fundy National Park overnight, camping is a popular option. The park offers several campgrounds, each with its own unique features and amenities. Whether you prefer a rustic camping experience or the convenience of modern facilities, there’s a campground to suit your needs. It’s important to note that camping reservations are highly recommended, especially during peak seasons. Reserving your campsite in advance ensures that you have a designated spot and avoids any disappointment upon arrival.

When Does Fundy National Park Open and Close?

Fundy National Park is open year-round, allowing visitors to enjoy its beauty in every season. However, certain facilities and services may have different operating hours depending on the time of year. The park’s peak season typically runs from mid-May to mid-October when all facilities, including campgrounds, are fully operational. During the off-peak season, some services may be limited or unavailable. It’s advisable to check the park’s website or contact the visitor center for the most up-to-date information on opening hours and available services during your planned visit.

In conclusion, planning your visit to Fundy National Park is an exciting endeavor. By considering factors such as distance from Moncton, weather conditions, park passes, camping reservations, and opening hours, you can ensure a smooth and enjoyable experience. So pack your bags, prepare for an adventure, and get ready to explore the wonders of Fundy National Park. Conclusion

In conclusion, Fundy National Park is a remarkable destination that offers a diverse range of natural wonders and recreational activities. With its stunning coastline, towering cliffs, lush forests, and impressive tides, the park provides visitors with a unique and unforgettable experience. Whether you’re interested in hiking, camping, wildlife viewing, or simply immersing yourself in the beauty of nature, Fundy National Park has something for everyone. The park’s commitment to conservation and sustainability ensures that future generations will be able to enjoy its natural splendor. So, if you’re looking for a place to connect with nature and create lasting memories, Fundy National Park is definitely worth a visit.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Fundy National Park?

Fundy National Park is a Canadian National Park located in New Brunswick, Canada. It is known for the Fundy tides, the highest tides in the world, and its diverse coastal ecosystems and Acadian forests. The park offers a variety of outdoor activities including hiking, camping, kayaking, bird watching, and nature photography.

How is Fundy National Park protected?

Fundy National Park is protected by the Canadian government as part of its commitment to preserving the country’s natural heritage. This includes maintaining the park’s diverse ecosystems, protecting its wildlife, and preserving its natural beauty for future generations.

What is Fundy National Park famous for?

Fundy National Park is famous for its unique tidal phenomena, which create the highest tides in the world. The park is also known for its diverse wildlife, stunning hiking trails like Dickson Falls and Moosehorn Trail, and beautiful coastal and forest landscapes.

How far is Fundy National Park from Moncton?

Fundy National Park is approximately 96 kilometers from Moncton, New Brunswick. The drive typically takes about 1.5 hours.

What are some top attractions in Fundy National Park?

Top attractions in Fundy National Park include the Alma Village, Point Wolfe, Caribou Plains, and The Rocks Provincial Park. The park also offers a variety of outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, kayaking, and wildlife viewing.

What accommodations are available in Fundy National Park?

Fundy National Park offers a variety of accommodations including campsites for tent and RV camping, as well as Fundy Park accommodations like cabins and the oTENTik, a unique blend of tent and cabin. Reservations can be made through the Fundy National Park reservation system.

How can I visit Fundy National Park?

You can visit Fundy National Park by driving, with directions to Fundy National Park available online. Once in the park, there are numerous hiking trails and points of interest to explore. A Fundy National Park pass is required for entry.

What activities are available in Fundy National Park?

Fundy National Park offers a wide range of outdoor activities including hiking on trails like the Moosehorn Trail, kayaking in the Bay of Fundy, bird watching, and nature photography. The park also offers a golf course and a pool.

Why is Fundy National Park important?

Fundy National Park is important as it protects a unique coastal ecosystem and is home to a diverse range of wildlife. It also preserves the natural beauty of the Canadian wilderness and offers numerous recreational opportunities for visitors.

When was Fundy National Park established?

Fundy National Park was established in 1948, making it one of the oldest national parks in the Maritime Provinces of Canada.